October marks “Breast Cancer Awareness Month,” a global initiative aimed at raising awareness and encouraging prevention. According to the latest data from the World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer became the most common cancer worldwide in 2022, with an estimated 19.96 million new cases. Among women, breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths.

 

If you notice changes in your breasts, don’t panic—but don’t ignore them either. Early detection of certain changes can be crucial in identifying signs of cancer.

 

1. Five Potential Signs of Breast Cancer

 

1. Breast Lumps

   Around 80% of breast cancer cases present with lumps as the initial symptom. These lumps often appear in one breast, tend to be hard with irregular edges, and may feel uneven on the surface. While they are usually painless, some individuals may experience mild discomfort or tingling.

 

2. Nipple Discharge  

   Any discharge from the nipple outside of pregnancy—such as blood, clear fluid, milk, or pus—is a concerning sign. Additionally, milk discharge occurring more than six months after breastfeeding has stopped should be investigated.

 

3. Skin Changes  

   There are two skin changes to be particularly mindful of:

   - Dimpling: When the tumor invades the breast ligaments and attaches to the skin, it may create a dimpling effect.

   - Peau d'Orange: Blockage of the lymph vessels in the skin can lead to a dimpled, orange-peel appearance.

 

4. Nipple or Areola Abnormalities

   Tumor growth in the deeper tissue may cause the nipple to retract or become indented. In some cases, symptoms may resemble eczema, with crusting, discharge, scabs, or flaking on the nipple or areola—known as Paget’s disease of the breast, a type of breast cancer.

 

5. Enlarged Lymph Nodes in the Armpit

   - Early Stage: Swollen lymph nodes in the same-side armpit are often scattered, hard, and moveable.

   - Advanced Stage: Enlarged lymph nodes may spread to the collarbone area or the opposite armpit.

   In cases of occult breast cancer, the first sign may be swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, even without a detectable lump in the breast itself.

 

2. Who is at Higher Risk for Breast Cancer?

 

1. Those with a Family History of Breast Cancer  

   Research shows that women with a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) who has had breast cancer are 2-3 times more likely to develop it themselves.

 

2. Women with Early Menstruation, Late Menopause, or Extended Reproductive Years  

   Risk factors include starting menstruation before age 12, reaching menopause after 50, or having over 35 years of menstruation. Every year that menstruation starts later reduces the risk by 5%, while delayed menopause increases the risk by 3%.

 

3. Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices

   Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, high-fat diets, and chronic stress can lead to hormonal imbalances that increase breast cancer risk.

 

4. Individuals with Genetic Mutations  

   Mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are linked to a higher risk of breast cancer.

 

5. Obesity  

   Central obesity and high visceral fat are associated with breast cancer, as excess fat cells create an inflammatory environment that may promote cancer cell growth.

 

6. Exposure to Harmful Substances

   Extended use of hormone supplements, hormone-based cosmetics, or exposure to medical radiation (e.g., X-rays) can increase the risk.

 

3. Effective Ways to Prevent Breast Cancer

 

1. Regular Breast Screenings  

   Annual breast exams are recommended to detect changes early and enable timely intervention and treatment.

 

2. Lifestyle Adjustments

   - Limit or avoid smoking and alcohol.

   - Maintain a balanced diet rich in fiber and vitamins while reducing high-fat, high-sugar foods.

   - Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night and avoid excessive late nights.

   - Keep a healthy weight and incorporate regular exercise.

   - Manage stress, stay relaxed, and maintain a positive outlook.

 

These simple yet effective practices can help protect your breast health, support early detection, and ultimately reduce breast cancer risk.